Eligibility Details:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Between the ages of 18 to 45
- Normal body weight and habitus, BMI less than or equal to 30
- Non-smoker
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification P1
Exclusion Criteria:
- Cardiovascular: myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular
disease, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, valvular disease, hypertension
- Respiratory: bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, shortness of
breath
- Hepatic: hepatitis, jaundice, ascites
- Neurologic: seizure, stroke, positive neurologic findings on neurologic examination,
multiple sclerosis, Meniere's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuropathy, peripheral
stenosis
- Gastrointestinal: esophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, ulcer
- Endocrine: diabetes, thyroid disease
- Renal: acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency
- Hematologic: blood dyscrasias, anemia, coagulopathies, on anticoagulant therapy
- Musculoskeletal: prior surgery or trauma to head neck or face, arthritis, personal or
family history of malignant hyperthermia
- Psychiatric: history or treatment for an active psychiatric problem, depression
- Reproductive: pregnancy, breast-feeding
- Medications: regular use of prescription and non-prescription medications expected to
affect CNS function, St. John's Wort
- Allergies: labetalol, ondansetron, glycopyrrolate, ketamine, midazolam